ࡱ > 1 bjbj,, N N / { { { { { 8 4 3 h d L# d $ 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 8 3 { d% d% h% 3 % { { 3 % % % l%
{ { ' % d% 3 % % { { % 6xs v%
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Long Term Memory Item Encoding and Retrieval
Task NameDescriptionCognitive Construct ValidityNeural Construct ValiditySensitivity to ManipulationRelationships to Behavior and SchizophreniaPsychometricsStage of ResearchRelational and Item Specific Encoding TaskThis paradigm involves two tasks previously used in studies of memory in schizophrenia. The first is an item-specific encoding task. The second is a relational encoding task ADDIN EN.CITE Blumenfeld200682158215821517Blumenfeld, R. S.Ranganath, C.Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA. roblume@ucdavis.eduDorsolateral prefrontal cortex promotes long-term memory formation through its role in working memory organizationJ NeurosciJ Neurosci916-25263AdultBrain Mapping/methodsFemaleHumansMagnetic Resonance Imaging/methodsMaleMemory/*physiologyPhotic Stimulation/methodsPrefrontal Cortex/*physiologyPsychomotor Performance/physiologyReaction Time/physiology2006Jan 1816421311http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16421311( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_4" \o "Blumenfeld, 2006 #8215" Blumenfeld & Ranganath, 2006) that has been shown to engage prefrontal relational control mechanisms associated with increased long-term memory performance. During the encoding phase, participants are presented with two types of trials in separate blocks. On item-specific encoding blocks, participants will be presented with two objects and asked to rate whether either object is living or nonliving. On relational encoding blocks, they are presented with two objects and asked to judge whether one can fit inside the other. These encoding tasks orient the participants to use a specific type of processing -- rather than leaving the approach up to the individual within unknown results. During the retrieval phase of the task, participants will first complete a yes/no recognition test on all the previously studied objects previously unseen foil objects. Next, participants will be given an associative recognition test consisting of objects that were previously studied on relational trials, consisting of either intact pairs consisting of objects that were originally studied on the same trial and rearranged pairs consisting of objects that were originally studied on different trials. Subjects will be asked to indicate if the pairs are intact or rearranged.
ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA ( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_28" \o "Murray, 2007 #11032" Murray & Ranganath, 2007; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_34" \o "Ranganath, 2008 #11031" Ranganath, Minzenberg, & Ragland, 2008)
MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE:
ADDIN EN.REFLIST Murray, L. J., & Ranganath, C. (2007). The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contributes to successful relational memory encoding. J Neurosci, 27(20), 5515-5522.
Ranganath, C., Minzenberg, M. J., & Ragland, J. D. (2008). The cognitive neuroscience of memory function and dysfunction in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry, 64(1), 18-25.
The cognitive psychology literature ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA ( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_4" \o "Blumenfeld, 2006 #8215" Blumenfeld & Ranganath, 2006; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_7" \o "Bower, 1970 #8213" B. H. Bower, 1970; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_21" \o "Hunt, 1981 #8214" Hunt & Einsten, 1981) distinguishes between two types of memory encoding strategies. Common item-specific encoding strategies involve making a semantic decision about an item (e.g., pleasant/unpleasant, abstract/concrete), whereas relational encoding strategies include imagining two or more items interacting, or linking two or more words in the context of a sentence or story. It is thought that relational encoding promotes memory for associations amongst items, whereas item-specific encoding enhances the distinctiveness of specific items ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA ( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_7" \o "Bower, 1970 #8213" B. H. Bower, 1970; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_8" \o "Bower, 1970 #8216" G. H. Bower, 1970; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_21" \o "Hunt, 1981 #8214" Hunt & Einsten, 1981; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_22" \o "Hunt, 1993 #8217" Hunt & McDaniel, 1993). In the episodic memory literature, relational encoding has been linked to the function of the hippocampus, which is thought to support the binding of novel representations ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA ( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_13" \o "Eichenbaum, 2006 #7357" Eichenbaum, 2006; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_14" \o "Eichenbaum, 2007 #7376" Eichenbaum, Yonelinas, & Ranganath, 2007; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_41" \o "Squire, 2004 #7194" Squire, 2004). The distinction between relational versus item-specific encoding has also been supported by neuroimaging studies of working memory (WM) that have revealed dissociations between brain regions involved in item-specific WM maintenance and regions involved in manipulation of relationships between items while they are being maintained. Research has shown that DLPFC is selectively activated on trials in which relationships among items are processed, ADDIN EN.CITE Postle199947024702470217Postle, B.R.Berger, J.S.D'Esposito, M.Functional neuroanatomical double dissociation of mnemonic and executive control processes contributing to working memory performanceProceedings of the National Academy of SciencesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences12959-12964961999( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_30" \o "Postle, 1999 #4702" Postle, Berger, & D'Esposito, 1999). Moreover, engagement of the DLPFC during relational WM processing predicts successful long-term memory (LTM) retrieval ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA ( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_4" \o "Blumenfeld, 2006 #8215" Blumenfeld & Ranganath, 2006, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_5" \o "Blumenfeld, 2007 #8218" 2007, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_6" \o "Blumenfeld, in preparation #8220" in preparation; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_28" \o "Murray, 2007 #11032" Murray & Ranganath, 2007). The available evidence therefore indicates that the construct of relational encoding and retrieval has validity at both the cognitive and neural level of analysis, and that it is supported by both hippocampal and DLPFC mediated mechanisms.
ADDIN EN.CITE Blumenfeld200682158215821517Blumenfeld, R. S.Ranganath, C.Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA. roblume@ucdavis.eduDorsolateral prefrontal cortex promotes long-term memory formation through its role in working memory organizationJ NeurosciJ Neurosci916-25263AdultBrain Mapping/methodsFemaleHumansMagnetic Resonance Imaging/methodsMaleMemory/*physiologyPhotic Stimulation/methodsPrefrontal Cortex/*physiologyPsychomotor Performance/physiologyReaction Time/physiology2006Jan 1816421311http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16421311( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_4" \o "Blumenfeld, 2006 #8215" Blumenfeld & Ranganath, 2006)
Previous work with the original version of the paradigm ADDIN EN.CITE Murray200711032(Murray & Ranganath, 2007)110321103217Murray, L. J.Ranganath, C.Center for Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA. lmurray@ucdavis.eduThe dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contributes to successful relational memory encodingJ NeurosciJ Neurosci5515-2227202007/05/18AdolescentAdultFemaleHumansMagnetic Resonance Imaging/methodsMaleMemory/*physiologyPhotic Stimulation/methodsPrefrontal Cortex/*physiologyReaction Time/physiologyWord Association Tests/statistics & numerical data2007May 161529-2401 (Electronic)
0270-6474 (Linking)17507573http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1750757327/20/5515 [pii]
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0406-07.2007eng( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_28" \o "Murray, 2007 #11032" Murray & Ranganath, 2007) indicated that item recognition for target words was equivalent following item-specific and relational encoding, but associative recognition of studied word pairs was significantly greater for the relational encoding condition. fMRI results showed that DLPFC activity was greater during relational versus item-specific encoding and that DLPFC activity predicted successful associative recognition but not successful item recognition. Activity in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) was also greater for relational compared to item-specific encoding, but this VLPFC activation predicted successful memory for item recognition and associative recognition tasks. These results confirm that relational encoding is most beneficial to associative recognition and support the view that the DLPFC may contribute to LTM through its role in active processing of relationships during encoding, whereas the VLPFC may have a more general role in promoting successful LTM formation. Initial evidence that VLPFC control of item-specific encoding and retrieval is relatively preserved in schizophrenia comes from a number of levels-of-processing studies showing that when patients are required to make a semantic judgment about an item during encoding, they show normal levels-of-processing effects on item recognition ADDIN EN.CITE Ragland20036784(Ragland et al., 2003)6784678417Ragland, J. D.Moelter, S. T.McGrath, C.Hill, S. K.Gur, R. E.Bilker, W. B.Siegel, S. J.Gur, R. C.Levels-of-processing effect on word recognition in schizophreniaBiological PsychiatryBiological Psychiatry1154-1161542003( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_33" \o "Ragland, 2003 #6784" Ragland et al., 2003) and show intact VLPFC recruitment, whereas DLPFC function remains impaired ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA ( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_31" \o "Ragland, 2005 #7041" Ragland et al., 2005). This same pattern of relatively preserved VLPFC and impaired DLPFC function for item-specific encoding and retrieval was subsequently demonstrated by a quantitative meta-analysis of the functional imaging literature in schizophrenia ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA ( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_32" \o "Ragland, 2009 #11029" Ragland et al., 2009). Internal reliability data on the final visual object version of the RISE have been obtained on a behavioral sample of 93 patients with schizophrenia and 73 healthy controls. Analyses reveal excellent internal consistency. For the item recognition task, intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) are above .75 in both groups for item-specific and relational encoding. Associative recognition also shows acceptable levels of internal consistency for both controls (ICC = .68) and patients with schizophrenia (ICC = .57). Because practice effects are a potential concern in memory study, we developed three parallel forms of the RISE, which show high levels of alternate forms reliability for item recognition (control r-value = .71, patient r-value = .72) and associative recognition tasks (control r-value = .71, patient r-value = .67). Examination of recognition accuracy (d) reveals that both groups are performing well above chance on item recognition and associative recognition tasks negating concerns about floor effects. However, it should be noted that this item recognition performance in controls is quite high, but below ceiling. Although reliability data is not yet available on the fMRI version of the RISE it is likely that performing the task in the scanner will lower performance in both groups, further reducing concerns about potential ceiling effects in the item recognition condition. Examination of item recognition revealed that task difficulty was equivalent following item-specific and relational encoding in healthy volunteers, and that patients showed predicted differential deficits in memory performance for relational versus item-specific encoding. Patients had the largest impairments on an associative recognition task, which was more difficult than the item recognition task, suggesting caution in interpreting differential deficits in item versus associative recognition.
There is evidence that this specific task elicits deficits in schizophrenia at the behavioral level. Unknown at the neural level.
We have some information on psychometric characteristics such as test-retest reliability, practice effects, and ceiling/floor effects for the imaging and behavioral data.
We need to study whether or not performance on this task changes in response to psychological or pharmacological intervention.Acquired Equivalence
fMRI
Modified from ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA ( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_40" \o "Shohamy, 2008 #11041" Shohamy & Wagner, 2008)
In this task, participants learn a series
of face-scene associations that are structured to include partial
overlap across associative pairs, providing an opportunity for integrative
encoding. On each trial, participants learn to associate
a face with a scene by choosing which of two scenes went with the face and receiving feedback. While each
face-scene association is learned individually, there is partial
overlap across events, such that pairs of faces are associated
with a common scene (e.g., F1S1; F2S1). In addition to
learning the F1S1 and F2S1 associations, participants re
concurrently trained on a second association for one of the faces. Thus, the initial learning phase consists
of three different types of stimulus combinations that contain
partial overlap (F1S1; F2S1; F1S2). To the extent that the overlap
between F1S1 and F2S1 elicits relational learning, the additional learning of the F1S2 association leads F2 to also become associated
with S2. Following encoding, a test phase probes participants
ability to generalize. Specifically, generalization trials test whether participants chooses S2 when presented F2 even though they had never encountered this pairing at study
These generalization trials are tested together with trials that probed retention of knowledge about the associations that had been previously encountered (F2S1; F1S1; F1S2; trained).
ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA ( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_39" \o "Shohamy, 2010 #11037" Shohamy et al., 2010; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_40" \o "Shohamy, 2008 #11041" Shohamy & Wagner, 2008)
MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE:
ADDIN EN.REFLIST Shohamy, D., Mihalakos, P., Chin, R., Thomas, B., Wagner, A. D., & Tamminga, C. (2010). Learning and generalization in schizophrenia: effects of disease and antipsychotic drug treatment. Biol Psychiatry, 67(10), 926-932.
Shohamy, D., & Wagner, A. D. (2008). Integrating memories in the human brain: hippocampal-midbrain encoding of overlapping events. Neuron, 60(2), 378-389.
By definition, this task tests memory and learning for the relationship between items ADDIN EN.CITE Meeter200911040(Meeter, Shohamy, & Myers, 2009)110401104017Meeter, M.Shohamy, D.Myers, C. E.Dept. of Cognitive Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m@meeter.nlAcquired equivalence changes stimulus representationsJ Exp Anal BehavJ Exp Anal Behav127-419112009/02/24AdolescentConditioning (Psychology)FemaleHippocampus/physiologyHumansLearning/*physiologyMaleMemory/*physiologyMental RecallYoung Adult2009Jan0022-5002 (Print)
0022-5002 (Linking)19230516http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/192305162614814eng( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_27" \o "Meeter, 2009 #11040" Meeter, Shohamy, & Myers, 2009). Both human and animal studies have shown that this type of acquired equivalence learning is dependent on hippocampal activity and hippocampal-striatal interactions ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA ( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_29" \o "Myers, 2003 #11059" Myers et al., 2003; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_40" \o "Shohamy, 2008 #11041" Shohamy & Wagner, 2008).
Data in animals suggest that performance on this task can be modulated by various pharmacological agents, and there is some evidence in humans as well ADDIN EN.CITE Shohamy201011033(Shohamy & Adcock, 2010)110331103317Shohamy, D.Adcock, R. A.Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025, USA. shohamy@psych.columbia.eduDopamine and adaptive memoryTrends Cogn SciTrends Cogn Sci464-7214102010/09/112010Oct1879-307X (Electronic)
1364-6613 (Linking)20829095http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20829095S1364-6613(10)00186-5 [pii]
10.1016/j.tics.2010.08.002eng( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_38" \o "Shohamy, 2010 #11033" Shohamy & Adcock, 2010) .There is evidence that individuals with schizophrenia who are not taking show impaired learning and generalization on this task. However, when on medication, individuals with schizophrenia perform well on the task ADDIN EN.CITE Shohamy201011037(Shohamy et al., 2010)110371103717Shohamy, D.Mihalakos, P.Chin, R.Thomas, B.Wagner, A. D.Tamminga, C.Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. shohamy@psych.columbia.eduLearning and generalization in schizophrenia: effects of disease and antipsychotic drug treatmentBiol PsychiatryBiol Psychiatry926-3267102009/12/26AdolescentAdultAntipsychotic Agents/*pharmacology/*therapeutic useDose-Response Relationship, DrugFemaleGeneralization (Psychology)/*drug effectsHumansLearning/*drug effectsMaleMiddle AgedPsychomotor Performance/drug effectsRetention (Psychology)/drug effectsSchizophrenia/diagnosis/*drug therapy*Schizophrenic Psychology2010May 151873-2402 (Electronic)
0006-3223 (Linking)20034612http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20034612S0006-3223(09)01276-1 [pii]
10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.025eng( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_39" \o "Shohamy, 2010 #11037" Shohamy et al., 2010).
Not KnownThere is evidence that this specific task elicits deficits in schizophrenia at the behavioral level. Unknown at the neural level.
We need to assess psychometric characteristics such as test-retest reliability, practice effects, and ceiling/floor effects for the imaging and behavioral data.
We have some information on whether or not performance on this task changes in response to psychological or pharmacological intervention.Item+Feature+Source Task
fMRITaken from: ADDIN EN.CITE Staresina200811089(Staresina & Davachi, 2008)110891108917Staresina, B. P.Davachi, L.New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.Selective and shared contributions of the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex to episodic item and associative encodingJ Cogn NeurosciJ Cogn Neurosci1478-892082008/02/29AdultAnalysis of VarianceAssociation Learning/*physiology*Brain MappingFemaleHippocampus/blood supply/*physiologyHumansImage Processing, Computer-Assisted/methodsMagnetic Resonance Imaging/methodsMaleMemory/*physiologyOxygen/bloodParahippocampal Gyrus/blood supply/*physiology2008Aug0898-929X (Print)
0898-929X (Linking)18303974http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18303974278923910.1162/jocn.2008.20104eng( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_42" \o "Staresina, 2008 #11089" Staresina & Davachi, 2008)
Participants are presented with a noun (the item) that is superimposed on a color square (the feature; blue, green, red, or yellow). Subjects re instructed to create a vivid mental image of the referent of the noun in the given color and to make one of two decisions based on the encoding task (the context or source). In the plausibility task, subjects are asked to indicate whether it was plausible to encounter
the imagined object/color combination in real life/nature or not. In the valence task, subjects re asked to indicate whether they thought the imagined object/color combination was aesthetically appealing or not. Both tasks put equal emphasis on incorporating the color feature into a vivid mental object representation
and differed only in the cognitive set (context) with which that word/color combination was processed. After the fMRI encoding session, subjects are given a surprise recognition memory test for all of the old items and new folks items. First, subjects are asked to indicate whether they think an item was old or new. A correct response for old items in this step is indicative of successful item encoding during the study phase. If the answer was old, the labels for the four encoding colors and a question mark appear on the screen and subjects re prompted to indicate the color with which the word was associated at encoding or to press the question mark key if they did not remember the color. A correct response
in this step is indicative of successful binding of the color feature (itemfeature association) during the study phase. Finally, and irrespective of the answer for color memory, subjects are asked to indicate in which of the two encoding tasks the item had been encountered. A correct answer at this phase indicate successful item+context memory encoding.
ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA ( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_1" \o "Achim, 2003 #6716" Achim & Lepage, 2003; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_42" \o "Staresina, 2008 #11089" Staresina & Davachi, 2008)
MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE:
ADDIN EN.REFLIST Achim, A. M., & Lepage, M. (2003). Is associative recognition more impaired than item recognition memory in schizophrenia? A meta-analysis. Brain and Cognition, 53, 121-124.
Staresina, B. P., & Davachi, L. (2008). Selective and shared contributions of the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex to episodic item and associative encoding. J Cogn Neurosci, 20(8), 1478-1489.
The task requires memory for individual item, specific features associated with items, and the context in which the items were learned.There is evidence from a variety of sources that the hippocampus is important for the binding of items with their context, and evidence that the perirhinal cortex is important for memory for individual items, as well as specific features associated with items ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA ( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_9" \o "Davachi, 2006 #11177" Davachi, 2006; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_11" \o "Dougal, 2007 #11174" Dougal, Phelps, & Davachi, 2007; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_12" \o "Duarte, 2004 #11281" Duarte, Ranganath, Winward, Hayward, & Knight, 2004; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_35" \o "Ranganath, 2004 #11282" Ranganath et al., 2004; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_42" \o "Staresina, 2008 #11089" Staresina & Davachi, 2008).None, though there is some evidence from animal studies using conceptually similar paradigmsThis specific task has not been studied in schizophrenia, but individuals with schizophrenia have been shown to have impairments in source/context memory on conceptually similar tasks ADDIN EN.CITE Achim20036716(Achim & Lepage, 2003)6716671617Achim, A. M.Lepage, M.Is associative recognition more impaired than item recognition memory in schizophrenia? A meta-analysisBrain and CognitionBrain and Cognition121-124532003( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_1" \o "Achim, 2003 #6716" Achim & Lepage, 2003).Not KnownThere is evidence that similar tasks elicit deficits in schizophrenia at the behavioral and neural level.
We need to assess psychometric characteristics such as test-retest reliability, practice effects, and ceiling/floor effects for the imaging and behavioral data.
We need to study whether or not performance on this task changes in response to psychological or pharmacological intervention.Item and Source Memory
ERPTaken from ADDIN EN.CITE Woroch201011296(Woroch & Gonsalves, 2010)112961129617Woroch, B.Gonsalves, B. D.Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, IL 61820, USA. bworoch2@illinois.eduEvent-related potential correlates of item and source memory strengthBrain ResBrain Res180-9113172010/01/07AdolescentAdultBrain/*physiology*Evoked PotentialsHumansJudgment/physiologyMemory/*physiologyNeuropsychological TestsPattern Recognition, Visual/physiologyPhotic StimulationRecognition (Psychology)/*physiologyTime FactorsYoung Adult2010Mar 41872-6240 (Electronic)
0006-8993 (Linking)20051237http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/200512372897745S0006-8993(09)02772-3 [pii]
10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.074eng( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_44" \o "Woroch, 2010 #11296" Woroch & Gonsalves, 2010)
During encoding, participants are presented with objects. For each object a subjective meaningfulness or complexity judgment is made on a 4-point scale. Prior to
each object, participants are cued with the word meaning or complex indicating which judgment should be
made for the following object. For the meaningful task, subjects are instructed to rate how much the object looked like something meaningful, like looking at clouds or an ink-blot test. For the
complex task, subjects are instructed to rate the more varied objects as more complex. During the subsequent recognition test, participants re
presented with objects (objects from the encoding phase and novel objects) followed by a response cue. Participants then make an old/new judgment crossed with confidence level (sure old, think old, think new, or sure new). If the object was indicated as old, they make an additional
source decision, deciding which task, complexity or meaningfulness,
they had performed on the object at encoding, again crossed with confidence on a 5-point scale (sure meaning, think meaning, unsure, think complex, or sure complex). The
option of indicating unsure for the source decision is given
to mitigate the effects of guessing on low-confidence responses.
ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA ( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_24" \o "Kayser, 2010 #11341" Kayser et al., 2010; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_44" \o "Woroch, 2010 #11296" Woroch & Gonsalves, 2010)
MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE:
ADDIN EN.REFLIST Kayser, J., Tenke, C. E., Kroppmann, C. J., Fekri, S., Alschuler, D. M., Gates, N. A., et al. (2010). Current source density (CSD) old/new effects during recognition memory for words and faces in schizophrenia and in healthy adults. Int J Psychophysiol, 75(2), 194-210.
Woroch, B., & Gonsalves, B. D. (2010). Event-related potential correlates of item and source memory strength. Brain Res, 1317, 180-191.
The task requires memory for individual item, specific features associated with items, and the context in which the items were learned.Taken From ADDIN EN.CITE Woroch201011296(Woroch & Gonsalves, 2010)112961129617Woroch, B.Gonsalves, B. D.Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, IL 61820, USA. bworoch2@illinois.eduEvent-related potential correlates of item and source memory strengthBrain ResBrain Res180-9113172010/01/07AdolescentAdultBrain/*physiology*Evoked PotentialsHumansJudgment/physiologyMemory/*physiologyNeuropsychological TestsPattern Recognition, Visual/physiologyPhotic StimulationRecognition (Psychology)/*physiologyTime FactorsYoung Adult2010Mar 41872-6240 (Electronic)
0006-8993 (Linking)20051237http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/200512372897745S0006-8993(09)02772-3 [pii]
10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.074eng( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_44" \o "Woroch, 2010 #11296" Woroch & Gonsalves, 2010)
Event-related potential (ERP) studies of recognition memory have shown dissociations
between item recognition and source memory, wherein item recognition is associated with
the mid-frontal FN400 component, which varies continuously with item memory strength,
while source memory is associated with the late parietal effect (LPC).
ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA ( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_10" \o "Diana, 2010 #11295" Diana, den Boom, Yonelinas, & Ranganath, 2010; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_26" \o "Leynes, 2008 #11336" Leynes & Phillips, 2008; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_37" \o "Rugg, 2007 #11337" Rugg & Curran, 2007; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_44" \o "Woroch, 2010 #11296" Woroch & Gonsalves, 2010)Not KnownThis specific task has not been studied in schizophrenia, but individuals with schizophrenia have been shown to have impairments in source/context memory on conceptually similar tasks ADDIN EN.CITE Achim20036716(Achim & Lepage, 2003)6716671617Achim, A. M.Lepage, M.Is associative recognition more impaired than item recognition memory in schizophrenia? A meta-analysisBrain and CognitionBrain and Cognition121-124532003( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_1" \o "Achim, 2003 #6716" Achim & Lepage, 2003). There is some work showing impaired parietal ERP components during recollection in schizophrenia ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA ( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_23" \o "Kayser, 2009 #11346" Kayser, Tenke, Gil, & Bruder, 2009; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_24" \o "Kayser, 2010 #11341" Kayser et al., 2010).Not KnownThere is evidence that similar tasks elicit deficits in schizophrenia at the behavioral and neural level.
We need to assess psychometric characteristics such as test-retest reliability, practice effects, and ceiling/floor effects for the imaging and behavioral data.
We need to study whether or not performance on this task changes in response to psychological or pharmacological intervention.CANTAB Paired Associates Learning
fMRIOne could develop an fMRI version modeled after the CANTAB task that is sensitive to memory deficits in first episode schizophrenia (and MCI) - that separates encoding and retrieval effects.
MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE:
Barnett, J. H., Sahakian, B. J., Werners, U., Hill, K. E., Brazil, R., Gallagher, O., et al. (2005). Visuospatial learning and executive function are independently impaired in first-episode psychosis. Psychol Med, 35(7), 1031-1041.
Stip, E., Sepehry, A. A., Prouteau, A., Briand, C., Nicole, L., Lalonde, P., et al. (2005). Cognitive discernible factors between schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Brain Cogn, 59(3), 292-295.
Paired associates learning assess memory for the relationship between items. A large body of work points the hippocampus critical for learning novel relationships.There is evidence from animals that scopolamine impairs performance on this task ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA ( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_36" \o "Robbins, 1997 #11381" Robbins et al., 1997).There is evidence that first episode patients with schizophrenia are impaired on performance of this task, independently of impaired executive function, potentially point to hippocampus pathology ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA ( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_3" \o "Barnett, 2005 #11361" Barnett et al., 2005; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_43" \o "Stip, 2005 #11476" Stip et al., 2005).Evidence regarding psychometrics is reviewed in ADDIN EN.CITE Barnett201011010(Barnett et al., 2010)110101101017Barnett, J. H.Robbins, T. W.Leeson, V. C.Sahakian, B. J.Joyce, E. M.Blackwell, A. D.Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. jhb32@cam.ac.ukAssessing cognitive function in clinical trials of schizophreniaNeurosci Biobehav RevNeurosci Biobehav Rev1161-773482010/01/292010Jul1873-7528 (Electronic)
0149-7634 (Linking)20105440http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20105440S0149-7634(10)00013-8 [pii]
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.012eng( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_2" \o "Barnett, 2010 #11010" Barnett et al., 2010).There is evidence that this task elicits deficits in schizophrenia at the behavioral level. Unknown at the neural level.
We need to assess psychometric characteristics such as test-retest reliability, practice effects, and ceiling/floor effects for the imaging and behavioral data.
We have some information in animals that performance on this task changes in response to psychological or pharmacological intervention.Hannula Face Scene Task
fMRITaken from: ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA ( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_17" \o "Hannula, 2009 #11497" Hannula & Ranganath, 2009)
At study, participants are presented with novel face scene pairs, in which a unique scene was presented after which a single face was superimposed on top of that scene. To elicit reasonably high levels of accuracy, participants re instructed to determine whether each person denoted by the face looked like they belonged in the place depicted in the scene. At test, participants are presented with a
scene that had been viewed in the previous study block (scene cue). Participants re instructed that they should use the scene as a cue to retrieve the associated face before the three-face test display is presented. When the test display is presented, participants are told to indicate, via button press, which face (left, right, or bottom) had been paired with that scene earlier. Participants re also given the option to respond dont know if they were unsure about the identity of the match and speed was emphasized, but not at the expense of accuracy.
ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA ( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_1" \o "Hannula, 2009 #11497" Hannula & Ranganath, 2009; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_2" \o "Hannula, 2010 #11485" Hannula et al., 2010)
MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE:
ADDIN EN.REFLIST Hannula, D. E., & Ranganath, C. (2009). The eyes have it: hippocampal activity predicts expression of memory in eye movements. Neuron, 63(5), 592-599.
Hannula, D. E., Ranganath, C., Ramsay, I. S., Solomon, M., Yoon, J., Niendam, T. A., et al. (2010). Use of eye movement monitoring to examine item and relational memory in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry, 68(7), 610-616.
Assesses memory for the relationship between faces and scenes, which are novel pairings.A large body of work points the hippocampus critical for learning novel relationships ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA ( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_15" \o "Hannula, 2006 #11504" Hannula, Federmeier, & Cohen, 2006; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_16" \o "Hannula, 2008 #11501" Hannula & Ranganath, 2008, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_17" \o "Hannula, 2009 #11497" 2009; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_19" \o "Hannula, 2007 #11502" Hannula, Ryan, Tranel, & Cohen, 2007; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_20" \o "Hannula, 2006 #11505" Hannula, Tranel, & Cohen, 2006; HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_25" \o "Kumaran, 2009 #11498" Kumaran & Wagner, 2009).UnknownThere is evidence that individuals with schizophrenia are impaired at learning the face scene relationships, in the context of intact memory for the faces and scenes individually ADDIN EN.CITE Hannula201011485(Hannula et al., 2010)114851148517Hannula, D. E.Ranganath, C.Ramsay, I. S.Solomon, M.Yoon, J.Niendam, T. A.Carter, C. S.Ragland, J. D.Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.Use of eye movement monitoring to examine item and relational memory in schizophreniaBiol PsychiatryBiol Psychiatry610-66872010/08/032010Oct 11873-2402 (Electronic)
0006-3223 (Linking)20673874http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/206738742943005S0006-3223(10)00581-0 [pii]
10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.001eng( HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_18" \o "Hannula, 2010 #11485" Hannula et al., 2010).UnknownThere is evidence that similar tasks elicit deficits in schizophrenia at the behavioral and neural level.
We need to assess psychometric characteristics such as test-retest reliability, practice effects, and ceiling/floor effects for the imaging and behavioral data.
We need to study whether or not performance on this task changes in response to psychological or pharmacological intervention.
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