ࡱ > N P K L M a - jbjbdd ߏ e e ' . . . 8 . d */ FH / T3 T3 T3 T3 4 2 O4 c4 G G G G G G G , I R ZK G o4 4 4 o4 o4 G 7A T3 T3 H 7A 7A 7A o4 T3 T3 B 7A l : o4 G 7A 7A 7A / 1 . %= 7A 7A H 0 FH 7A L 7A L 7A 7A Social Cognition Emotional Expression Recognition
Task NameDescriptionCognitive Construct ValidityNeural Construct ValidityReliabilityPsychometric CharacteristicsAnimal ModelStage of ResearchPenn Emotion Recognition TestThis is a test with 40 faces with neutral, sad, happy, angry and fearful expressions. Participants must identify and discriminate the emotions.
ADDIN EN.CITE Kohler200382678267826717Kohler, C. G.Turner, T. H.Bilker, W. B.Brensinger, C. M.Siegel, S. J.Kanes, S. J.Gur, R. E.Gur, R. C.Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. kohler@bbl.med.upenn.eduFacial emotion recognition in schizophrenia: intensity effects and error patternAm J PsychiatryAm J Psychiatry1768-7416010AdultAnger*Emotions*Facial ExpressionFearFemaleHappinessHumansMaleMiddle Aged*Recognition (Psychology)*Schizophrenic Psychology*Visual Perception2003Oct14514489http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14514489" (Kohler et al., 2003)
ADDIN EN.CITE Kohler200582688268826817Kohler, C. G.Anselmo-Gallagher, G.Bilker, W.Karlawish, J.Gur, R. E.Clark, C. M.Department of Psychiatry, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. kohler@bbl.med.upenn.eduEmotion-discrimination deficits in mild Alzheimer diseaseAm J Geriatr PsychiatryAm J Geriatr Psychiatry926-331311AgedAged, 80 and overAlzheimer Disease/classification/diagnosis/*psychologyCaregivers/psychology*Discrimination Learning*Emotions*Facial ExpressionFamily RelationsFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedNeuropsychological Tests/statistics & numerical dataPsychometricsQuality of Life/psychologyReference ValuesSocial Behavior2005Nov16286435http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16286435" (Kohler et al., 2005)
MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE:
Kohler, C. G., Turner, T. H., Bilker, W. B., Brensinger, C. M., Siegel, S. J., Kanes, S. J., et al. (2003). Facial emotion recognition in schizophrenia: intensity effects and error pattern. Am J Psychiatry, 160(10), 1768-1774.
Loughead, J., Gur, R. C., Elliott, M., & Gur, R. E. (2008). Neural circuitry for accurate identification of facial emotions. Brain Res, 1194, 37-44.
The stimuli used in this task have been validated in relationship to known characteristics of emotional expressions.
ADDIN EN.CITE Kohler200482748274827417Kohler, C. G.Turner, T.Stolar, N. M.Bilker, W. B.Brensinger, C. M.Gur, R. E.Gur, R. C.Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, 10th Floor Gates Bldg., University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA. kohler@bbl.med.upenn.eduDifferences in facial expressions of four universal emotionsPsychiatry ResPsychiatry Res235-441283AdolescentAdultDiscrimination LearningEmotions/*classification*Facial ExpressionFemaleHumansIndividualityMaleNonverbal CommunicationPattern Recognition, VisualPhotographyReference ValuesSex FactorsStudents/psychology2004Oct 3015541780http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15541780" (Kohler et al., 2004)There is evidence that the faces used in this task elicit activation in face relevant regions (e.g., FFA) and in emotion processing relevant regions.
ADDIN EN.CITE Loughead200882698269826917Loughead, J.Gur, R. C.Elliott, M.Gur, R. E.Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.Neural circuitry for accurate identification of facial emotionsBrain ResBrain Res37-4411942008Feb 1518191116http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18191116" (Loughead, Gur, Elliott, & Gur, 2008)
ADDIN EN.CITE Gur200782708270827017Gur, R. E.Loughead, J.Kohler, C. G.Elliott, M. A.Lesko, K.Ruparel, K.Wolf, D. H.Bilker, W. B.Gur, R. C.Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. raquel@upenn.eduLimbic activation associated with misidentification of fearful faces and flat affect in schizophreniaArch Gen PsychiatryArch Gen Psychiatry1356-666412Adult*AffectDemographyDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders*Facial Expression*FearFemaleHumansImage Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/instrumentationLimbic System/*physiopathologyMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleNerve Net/physiopathologyOxygen/bloodSchizophrenia/*diagnosis/*physiopathologyVisual Perception2007Dec18056543http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18056543" (Gur et al., 2007)
ADDIN EN.CITE Habel200782718271827117Habel, U.Windischberger, C.Derntl, B.Robinson, S.Kryspin-Exner, I.Gur, R. C.Moser, E.Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Aachen, Germany.Amygdala activation and facial expressions: explicit emotion discrimination versus implicit emotion processingNeuropsychologiaNeuropsychologia2369-774510AdultAmygdala/blood supply/*physiologyAnalysis of VarianceDiscrimination (Psychology)/*physiologyEmotions/*physiology*Facial ExpressionFemaleFunctional LateralityHumansImage Processing, Computer-AssistedMagnetic Resonance Imaging/methodsMaleOxygen/bloodPattern Recognition, Visual/*physiologyPhotic Stimulation/methodsSex Factors2007Jun 1117408704http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17408704" (Habel et al., 2007)Not KnownNot KnownNot KnownThere is evidence that this specific task elicits deficits in schizophrenia.
ADDIN EN.CITE Kohler200382678267826717Kohler, C. G.Turner, T. H.Bilker, W. B.Brensinger, C. M.Siegel, S. J.Kanes, S. J.Gur, R. E.Gur, R. C.Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. kohler@bbl.med.upenn.eduFacial emotion recognition in schizophrenia: intensity effects and error patternAm J PsychiatryAm J Psychiatry1768-7416010AdultAnger*Emotions*Facial ExpressionFearFemaleHappinessHumansMaleMiddle Aged*Recognition (Psychology)*Schizophrenic Psychology*Visual Perception2003Oct14514489http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14514489(Kohler et al., 2003)
We need to assess psychometric characteristics such as test-retest reliability, practice effects, and ceiling/floor effects for this task.
We need to study whether or not performance on this task changes in response to psychological or pharmacological intervention.Perceiving Emotions Using Point-Light WalkersThis task is a modification of the one described by Heberlein et al ADDIN EN.CITE Heberlein200484428442844217Heberlein, A. S.Adolphs, R.Tranel, D.Damasio, H.University of Iowa, USA. heberlei@psych.upenn.eduCortical regions for judgments of emotions and personality traits from point-light walkersJournal of Cognitive NeuroscienceJournal of Cognitive Neuroscience1143-1158167AdultAgedBrain Damage, Chronic/*physiopathology*Brain MappingCerebral Cortex/*physiology*EmotionsFemaleFunctional LateralityHumansJudgment/*physiologyMaleMiddle AgedNonverbal Communication*PersonalityPhotic Stimulation/methodsRecognition (Psychology)/*physiologyReference Values2004Sep15453970(Heberlein, Adolphs, Tranel, & Damasio, 2004). In this task, the stimulus set will consist of 50 clips illustrating human movement via point-light walkers. Each clip will represent one of five emotional states (10 clips each of fear, anger, happiness, sadness, or neutral). For each trial, clips will be presented and participants will be asked to decide which of five emotional states best represents the movement depicted. The five terms (fear, anger, happiness, sadness, or neutral) will be presented on the screen immediately after the clip and the subject will say their choice aloud, which will be entered by the tester. Accuracy and voice-activated reaction time will be collected for each clip, and accuracy will be the primary dependent variable. The stimulus parameters established during the pilot procedure will be employed for the timing of trials.
ADDIN EN.CITE Heberlein200484428442844217Heberlein, A. S.Adolphs, R.Tranel, D.Damasio, H.University of Iowa, USA. heberlei@psych.upenn.eduCortical regions for judgments of emotions and personality traits from point-light walkersJournal of Cognitive NeuroscienceJournal of Cognitive Neuroscience1143-1158167AdultAgedBrain Damage, Chronic/*physiopathology*Brain MappingCerebral Cortex/*physiology*EmotionsFemaleFunctional LateralityHumansJudgment/*physiologyMaleMiddle AgedNonverbal Communication*PersonalityPhotic Stimulation/methodsRecognition (Psychology)/*physiologyReference Values2004Sep15453970(Heberlein et al., 2004)
MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE:
Heberlein, A. S., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damasio, H. (2004). Cortical regions for judgments of emotions and personality traits from point-light walkers. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(7), 1143-1158.
Dittrich, W. H., Troscianko, T., Lea, S. E., & Morgan, D. (1996). Perception of emotion from dynamic point-light displays represented in dance. Perception, 25, 727-738.
An accurate perception of intention or emotion using subtle visual cues (e.g., a clip of a few dots moving in a way characteristic of human movement) involves relatively fast, bottom-up, and possibly automatic processes. Since their introduction by Johansson ADDIN EN.CITE Johansson197384318431843117Johansson, G.Visual perception of biological motion and a model of its analysisPerception and PsychophysicsPerception and Psychophysics202-211141973(Johansson, 1973), it has been shown that people can extract from point-light clips socially-relevant information such as gender ADDIN EN.CITE Kozlowski197784328432843217Kozlowski, L. T.Cutting, J. E.Recognizing the sex of a walker from a dynamic point-light displayPerception and PsychophysicsPerception and Psychophysics575-580211977(Kozlowski & Cutting, 1977), identity of friends ADDIN EN.CITE Kozlowski197784328432843217Kozlowski, L. T.Cutting, J. E.Recognizing the sex of a walker from a dynamic point-light displayPerception and PsychophysicsPerception and Psychophysics575-580211977(Kozlowski & Cutting, 1977), personality traits ADDIN EN.CITE Gunns200284348434843417Gunns, R. E.Johnston, L.Hudson, S. M.Victim selection and kinematics: A point-light investiationo f vulnerability to attackJournal of Nonverbal BehaviorJournal of Nonverbal Behavior129-158262002(Gunns, Johnston, & Hudson, 2002), and the emotional states of the walker ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Dittrich, Troscianko, Lea, & Morgan, 1996; Pollick, Paterson, Bruderlin, & Sanford, 2001).
A network of brain regions has been associated with perception of biological motion, including the superior temporal sulcus/gyrus, posterior inferior temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, amygdala, the inferior prefrontal cortex, and the premotor frontal regions ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Bonda, Petrides, Ostry, & Evans, 1996; E. Grossman et al., 2000; E. D. Grossman & Blake, 2002; Saygin, 2007; Saygin, Wilson, Hagler, Bates, & Sereno, 2004). Which of these regions is critical for perceiving emotional as compared to social but non-emotional states (e.g. human movement in general) is currently under investigation, with some data suggesting that the posterior superior temporal and supramarginal cortices ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Heberlein et al., 2004; Heberlein & Saxe, 2005) are critical.
Not KnownNot KnownNot KnownThis specific task needs to be studied in individuals with schizophrenia.
We need to assess psychometric characteristics such as test-retest reliability, practice effects, and ceiling/floor effects for this task.
We need to study whether or not performance on this task changes in response to psychological or pharmacological intervention.Reading the Mind in the Eyes TaskThe reading the mind in the eyes task measures the ability to perceive others thinking or feeling based on examining only the eyes of another person presented in a still photograph. Unlike facial affect recognition, it does not rely on interpreting a configuration of features across different regions of the face. In this task, participants are asked to choose which words best describe what the person in the photograph thinks or feels based on the photograph of the eyes. To perform this task correctly, participants need to perceive the other persons mental state based on the fragments of facial expression (i.e., just the part of the face around eyes) and to decide which word best represents the thoughts or feelings expressed by the photograph.
At the beginning of each trial, a blank screen with a fixation point will appear for 500 msec. Photographs of eyes will be presented at the center of the screen, along with adjectives at the bottom of the screen. Participants will be asked to choose one of four adjectives that best describe what this person (represented by eyes) thinks or feels. Accuracy and voice-activated reaction time will be measured for each trial and the primary dependent measure will be accuracy.
ADDIN EN.CITE Baron-Cohen199782758275827517Baron-Cohen, S.Jolliffe, T.Mortimore, C.Robertson, M.Dept. of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, U.K.Another advanced test of theory of mind: evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or asperger syndromeJ Child Psychol PsychiatryJ Child Psychol Psychiatry813-22387AdolescentAdultAutistic Disorder/*psychologyChild Development Disorders, Pervasive/*psychology*CognitionFacial ExpressionFemaleForm PerceptionHumansMaleMental ProcessesPsychiatric Status Rating Scales1997Oct9363580http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9363580" (Baron-Cohen, Jolliffe, Mortimore, & Robertson, 1997)
ADDIN EN.CITE Baron-Cohen200182768276827617Baron-Cohen, S.Wheelwright, S.Hill, J.Raste, Y.Plumb, I.Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK. SB205@cus.cam.ac.ukThe "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autismJ Child Psychol PsychiatryJ Child Psychol Psychiatry241-51422AdultAsperger Syndrome/*diagnosis/psychologyAutistic Disorder/*diagnosis/psychologyCognition Disorders/*diagnosisEmotionsEyeFemaleHumansMalePerceptionPsychometricsReproducibility of ResultsSensitivity and SpecificitySocial Behavior2001Feb11280420http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11280420" (Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, Raste, & Plumb, 2001)
MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE:
Calder, A. J., Lawrence, A. D., Keane, J., Scott, S. K., Owen, A. M., Christoffels, I., et al. (2002). Reading the mind from eye gaze. Neuropsychologia, 40(8), 1129-1138.
Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Wheelwright, S., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Simmons, A., et al. (1999). Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: an fMRI study. Eur J Neurosci, 11(6), 1891-1898.
Understanding others mind based on interpreting eye-gaze is critical for social interaction. An ability to perceive others thoughts or feelings based on limited visual cues (e.g., direction of gaze) occurs at a rapid and automatic level, whereas other theory of mind tasks measure a higher level of mental state attribution: inferring the content of mental state based on complex visual stimuli. This task has been used extensively to measure an ability to perceive others thoughts or feelings in healthy adults and persons with clinical disorders. Studies with functional brain imaging showed increased activations in medial prefrontal cortex, inferior prefrontal cortex, superior temporal gyrus, and amygdala during this task, which are a part of larger neural network associated with theory of mind.
ADDIN EN.CITE Baron-Cohen199982778277827717Baron-Cohen, S.Ring, H. A.Wheelwright, S.Bullmore, E. T.Brammer, M. J.Simmons, A.Williams, S. C.Departments of Experimental Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK. sb205@cus.cam.ac.ukSocial intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: an fMRI studyEur J NeurosciEur J Neurosci1891-8116AdultAmygdala/physiopathologyAutistic Disorder/physiopathology/*psychologyFacial ExpressionFemaleFrontal Lobe/physiopathologyHumansIntelligence/*physiology*Interpersonal RelationsJudgment/physiologyMagnetic Resonance ImagingMalePrefrontal Cortex/physiopathologyReference ValuesTemporal Lobe/physiopathology1999Jun10336657http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10336657" (Baron-Cohen et al., 1999)
ADDIN EN.CITE Calder200282788278827817Calder, A. J.Lawrence, A. D.Keane, J.Scott, S. K.Owen, A. M.Christoffels, I.Young, A. W.MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK. andy.calder@mrc-cbu.cam.ac.ukReading the mind from eye gazeNeuropsychologiaNeuropsychologia1129-38408ArousalAttention/*physiologyAwareness/physiologyBrain MappingEmotions/physiology*Facial ExpressionFemaleHumansImage Processing, Computer-AssistedImaging, Three-DimensionalMiddle AgedOrientation/physiologyPrefrontal Cortex/blood supply/*radionuclide imagingPsychophysiologyRegional Blood Flow/physiology*Social PerceptionTemporal Lobe/blood supply/*radionuclide imaging*Tomography, Emission-ComputedVisual Perception/*physiology200211931917http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11931917" (Calder et al., 2002)Not KnownNot KnownNot KnownThis specific task needs to be studied in individuals with schizophrenia.
We need to assess psychometric characteristics such as test-retest reliability, practice effects, and ceiling/floor effects for this task.
We need to study whether or not performance on this task changes in response to psychological or pharmacological intervention.Facial affect recognition and the effects of situational contextIn this paradigm one examines two kinds of face recognition, both in isolation (i.e. face presented alone) and contextually-constrained (i.e. face presented with a cognitive frame) fear recognition using the well-established methods of Adolphs et al ADDIN EN.CITE Adolphs199984518451845117Adolphs, RalphRussell, James A.Tranel, DanielA role for the human amygdala in recognizing emotional arousal from unpleasant stimuliPsychological SciencePsychological Science167-171Vol 102(Major): AmygdalaBrain DamageEmotionsRecognition (Learning)(Minor): Facial ExpressionsSentencesWords (Phonetic Units)Identifier: recognition of emotional arousal & valence in words & sentences depicting & facial expressions responding to unpleasant emotional stimuli, 31 yr old female with complete bilateralamygdala damageClass Descriptors: 3297 Neurological Disorders & Brain DamagePopulation: HumanFemaleAge Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older)Thirties (30-39 yrs)19991999-05018-014 Provider: OCLCView Full Text in PDF format (ECO)Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 705 STANFORD UNIV LIBR Search the catalog at your library(Adolphs, Russell, & Tranel, 1999) ADDIN EN.CITE Adolphs200186558655865517Adolphs, R.Tranel, D.Damasio, H.Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA. ralph-adolphs@uiowa.eduEmotion recognition from faces and prosody following temporal lobectomyNeuropsychologyNeuropsychology396-404153Adult*AffectEpilepsy, Temporal Lobe/*surgery*Face*Facial ExpressionFemaleFunctional Laterality/physiologyHumans*LinguisticsMaleMiddle AgedPerceptual Disorders/*diagnosis/*physiopathologyPostoperative PeriodPsychosurgery/*methods*Recognition (Psychology)Temporal Lobe/physiopathologyVisual Perception/*physiology2001Jul11499994http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11499994(Adolphs et al., 2001) and Kim et al. ADDIN EN.CITE Kim200484498449844917Kim, H.Somerville, L. H.Johnstone, T.Polis, S.Alexander, A. L.Shin, L. M.Whalen, P. J.Contextual Modulation of Amygdala Responsivity to Surprised FacesJournal of Cognitive NeuroscienceJournal of Cognitive Neuroscience1730-174516102004(Kim et al., 2004).
MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE:
Kim, H., Somerville, L. H., Johnstone, T., Polis, S., Alexander, A. L., Shin, L. M., et al. (2004). Contextual Modulation of Amygdala Responsivity to Surprised Faces. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(10), 1730-1745.
Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damasio, H. (2001). Emotion recognition from faces and prosody following temporal lobectomy. Neuropsychology, 15(3), 396-404.
The ability to recognize the emotion expressed in the human face is perhaps the most studied ability in social and affective neuroscience. Although studies typically examine recognition of facial expressions presented in isolation, it is clear that social situations provide powerful constraints on our perception of their meaning ADDIN EN.CITE Gilbert198884448444844417Gilbert, Daniel T.Pelham, Brett W.Krull, Douglas S.On cognitive busyness: When person perceivers meet persons perceivedJournal of Personality & Social PsychologyJournal of Personality & Social Psychology733-740545Cognitive ProcessesDistractionSocial Perception1988(Gilbert, Pelham, & Krull, 1988). Thus, it is important to examine both kinds of facial emotion recognition (with and without context).
By and large, recognition of facial expressions of emotion have been shown to depend upon cortical and subcortical systems important for affective learning, including the amygdala, striatum, insula, and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Among these, the amygdalas functions are best understood. Although it is known to respond to arousing stimuli with both positive and negative value ADDIN EN.CITE Hamann200283988398839817Hamann, S. B.Ely, T. D.Hoffman, J. M.Kilts, C. D.Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. shamann@emory.eduEcstasy and agony: activation of the human amygdala in positive and negative emotionPsycholicall SciencePsycholicall Science135-141132AdultAmygdala/*physiology/radionuclide imagingArousal/*physiologyAttention/physiologyBrain MappingDominance, Cerebral/physiologyEmotions/*physiologyHeart Rate/physiologyHumansMalePattern Recognition, Visual/*physiologyPrefrontal Cortex/physiologyTomography, Emission-Computed20020956-7976 (Print)11933997http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11933997 eng(Hamann, Ely, Hoffman, & Kilts, 2002), both imaging and lesion work have shown that it plays a special role in quickly recognizing social stimuli that signal the presence of potential threats, such as fearful facial expressions ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Anderson, Christoff, Panitz, De Rosa, & Gabrieli, 2003; Pessoa, Padmala, & Morland, 2005; P.J. Whalen et al., 1998) as well as neutral faces that appear untrustworthy ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (R. Adolphs, Tranel, & Damasio, 1998; Engell, Haxby, & Todorov, 2007; Winston, Strange, O'Doherty, & Dolan, 2002). This response is influenced by individual differences in levels of anxiety or depression ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Bishop, Jenkins, & Lawrence, 2007; Sheline, Barch, Ollinger, & Mintun, 2001) and the presence of genes related to anxiety and mood disorders ADDIN EN.CITE Hariri200684078407840717Hariri, A. R.Holmes, A.Department of Psychiatry and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. haririar@upmc.eduGenetics of emotional regulation: the role of the serotonin transporter in neural functionTrends Cogn SciTrends Cogn Sci182-191104Amygdala/pathology/physiologyAnimalsEmotions/*physiologyHumansModels, NeurologicalMood Disorders/classification/*geneticsSerotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/*genetics/metabolism*Variation (Genetics)2006Apr16530463(Hariri & Holmes, 2006).Importantly, the amygdalas response is modulated by perceptual cues that determine the social meaning of a facial expression, including the direction of eye gaze ADDIN EN.CITE Adams200384088408840813Adams, R. B.Gordon, H. L.Baird, A. A.Ambady, N.Kleck, R. E.Effects of Gaze on Amygdala Sensitivity to Anger and Fear Faces1536-153630056252003American Association for the Advancement of Science(Adams, Gordon, Baird, Ambady, & Kleck, 2003) and the size of the eye whites ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (R. Adolphs et al., 2005; P. J. Whalen et al., 2004)and may be important for recognizing the subtle social meanings conveyed by eye stimuli (e.g. flirtation, boredom, interest) when presented alone ADDIN EN.CITE Baron-Cohen199982778277827717Baron-Cohen, S.Ring, H. A.Wheelwright, S.Bullmore, E. T.Brammer, M. J.Simmons, A.Williams, S. C.Departments of Experimental Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK. sb205@cus.cam.ac.ukSocial intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: an fMRI studyEur J NeurosciEur J Neurosci1891-8116AdultAmygdala/physiopathologyAutistic Disorder/physiopathology/*psychologyFacial ExpressionFemaleFrontal Lobe/physiopathologyHumansIntelligence/*physiology*Interpersonal RelationsJudgment/physiologyMagnetic Resonance ImagingMalePrefrontal Cortex/physiopathologyReference ValuesTemporal Lobe/physiopathology1999Jun10336657http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10336657(Baron-Cohen et al., 1999). Recently, it has been shown that individuals with poor fear recognition ability show less activation of the amygdala to fear faces ADDIN EN.CITE Corden200684468446844617Corden, BenCritchley, Hugo D.Skuse, DavidDolan, Raymond J.Fear Recognition Ability Predicts Differences in Social Cognitive and Neural Functioning in MenJ. Cogn. Neurosci.J. Cogn. Neurosci.889-8971862006June 1, 2006http://jocn.mitpress.org/cgi/content/abstract/18/6/889 (Corden, Critchley, Skuse, & Dolan, 2006), which further validates this task as an appropriate measure for this proposal. Importantly, behavioral studies have shown that contextual information can influence judgments of traits ADDIN EN.CITE Gilbert19881368136817Gilbert, Daniel T.Pelham, Brett W.Krull, Douglas S.On cognitive busyness: When person perceivers meet persons perceivedJournal of Personality & Social PsychologyJournal of Personality & Social Psychology733-740545Cognitive ProcessesDistractionSocial Perception1988Gilbert198884448444844417Gilbert, Daniel T.Pelham, Brett W.Krull, Douglas S.On cognitive busyness: When person perceivers meet persons perceivedJournal of Personality & Social PsychologyJournal of Personality & Social Psychology733-740545Cognitive ProcessesDistractionSocial Perception1988(Gilbert et al., 1988) and facially expressed emotion ADDIN EN.CITE Carroll199684478447844717Carroll, J. M.Russell, J. A.Do facial expressions signal specific emotions? Judging emotion from the face in contextJournal of Personality and Social PsychologicalJournal of Personality and Social Psychological205-218.702AdultArousalAttention*Emotions*Facial ExpressionFemaleHumanInterpersonal Relations*JudgmentMale*Social PerceptionSupport, Non-U.S. Gov't1996(Carroll & Russell, 1996). In a fear recognition paradigm, this modulation has now been linked to activity in vmPFC when a pre-stimulus sentence frames the meaning of the fear face as the non-threat-related expression of surprise ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Kim, Somerville, Johnstone, Alexander, & Whalen, 2003; Kim et al., 2004). This may be important to measure because context-processing deficits are commonly observed in schizophrenia. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Kim et al., 2003; Kim et al., 2004)
Not KnownNot KnownNot KnownThis specific task needs to be studied in individuals with schizophrenia.
We need to assess psychometric characteristics such as test-retest reliability, practice effects, and ceiling/floor effects for this task.
We need to study whether or not performance on this task changes in response to psychological or pharmacological intervention.Multimorph ParadigmDescription taken from ADDIN EN.CITE Coupland200482808280828017Coupland, N. J.Sustrik, R. A.Ting, P.Li, D.Hartfeil, M.Singh, A. J.Blair, R. J.Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. nc2@ualberta.caPositive and negative affect differentially influence identification of facial emotionsDepress AnxietyDepress Anxiety31-4191AdolescentAdultAnxiety/diagnosis/*psychologyDepression/diagnosis/*psychology*Emotions*Facial ExpressionFemaleHumansMalePerceptual MaskingPersonality Inventory/statistics & numerical dataPsychometricsSensory Thresholds*Social Perception200414978783http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14978783" (Coupland et al., 2004)
This paradigm uses images from the Pictures of Facial Affect series in which the intensity of emotion has been morphed to produce continua between neutral and the full expression of six emotions (happy, surprised, fearful, sad, disgusted, and angry). The rationale for using this approach was twofold. First, rather than simply assigning correct/ incorrect responses, it allows parametric designs that include intensity as a variable. Second, the base images in the series were originally selected to give high rates
of correct responding in healthy subjects. This may give rise to ceiling effects for the base images that would prevent the detection of enhanced recognition of facial emotions. Nine models each showed the six emotions, giving 54 stimuli. For each stimulus, the expression was morphed from neutral to 100% in 40 increments of 2.5%. The stimuli were presented as continuous sequences in which the emotion transformed over 20 s from 2.5 to 100% at a rate of 5%_ sec_1. The full 20-s progression was always presented. Subjects responded by clicking on-screen labels. The stimulus order and label positions were both randomized. Subjects were instructed to respond
as soon as they thought they could identify the emotion and not to wait until they were completely certain, because they could change their response at any time later by clicking on a different label. The lowest intensity was recorded at which each stimulus was recognized correctly before the end of the stimulus run and without subsequent alteration. Subjects had to make a final choice at full intensity, if they had not previously responded, or to confirm their choice. An incorrect final choice was assigned 102.5% intensity. For example, if a subject responded incorrectly with surprise to a fear stimulus at 50% intensity but then changed correctly at 80% intensity to fear without subsequent changes, the threshold was 80%. If they had responded correctly with surprise to a surprise stimulus at 50% and then changed to fear at 80% without subsequent changes, the threshold was
102.5%. Mean identification thresholds were computed for each emotion from the nine models.
MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE:
Coupland, N. J., Sustrik, R. A., Ting, P., Li, D., Hartfeil, M., Singh, A. J., et al. (2004). Positive and negative affect differentially influence identification of facial emotions. Depress Anxiety, 19(1), 31-34.
Marsh, A. A., Finger, E. C., Buzas, B., Soliman, N., Richell, R. A., Vythilingham, M., et al. (2006). Impaired recognition of fear facial expressions in 5-httlpr s-polymorphism carriers following tryptophan depletion. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 189(3), 387-394.
This task has been shown to elicit affective impairments in a range of populations.
ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Blair, Colledge, Murray, & Mitchell, 2001; Lynch et al., 2006)
In normal range mood, low positive affect predicts thresholds for happy expressions. Negative affect predicts threshold for disgust expressions.
ADDIN EN.CITE Coupland200482808280828017Coupland, N. J.Sustrik, R. A.Ting, P.Li, D.Hartfeil, M.Singh, A. J.Blair, R. J.Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. nc2@ualberta.caPositive and negative affect differentially influence identification of facial emotionsDepress AnxietyDepress Anxiety31-4191AdolescentAdultAnxiety/diagnosis/*psychologyDepression/diagnosis/*psychology*Emotions*Facial ExpressionFemaleHumansMalePerceptual MaskingPersonality Inventory/statistics & numerical dataPsychometricsSensory Thresholds*Social Perception200414978783http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14978783(Coupland et al., 2004)Diazepam impairs performance on this task.
ADDIN EN.CITE Coupland200382818281828117Coupland, N. J.Singh, A. J.Sustrik, R. A.Ting, P.Blair, R.Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton. nc2@ualberta.caEffects of diazepam on facial emotion recognitionJ Psychiatry NeurosciJ Psychiatry Neurosci452-63286AdolescentAdult*AffectAnalysis of VarianceAngerAnticonvulsants/*pharmacologyDiazepam/administration & dosage/*pharmacologyDouble-Blind MethodDrug Administration Schedule*Facial ExpressionFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedReaction TimeRecognition (Psychology)/*drug effectsVisual Perception2003Nov14631456http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14631456" (Coupland, Singh, Sustrik, Ting, & Blair, 2003)
ADDIN EN.CITE Zangara200282828282828217Zangara, A.Blair, R. J.Curran, H. V.Department of Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1H 6BT, UK.A comparison of the effects of a beta-adrenergic blocker and a benzodiazepine upon the recognition of human facial expressionsPsychopharmacology (Berl)Psychopharmacology (Berl)36-411631AdolescentAdrenergic beta-Antagonists/*pharmacologyAdultAngerAnti-Anxiety Agents/*pharmacologyAnxiety/psychologyConscious Sedation/psychologyDiazepam/pharmacologyDouble-Blind MethodEmotions*Facial ExpressionFearFemaleHeart Rate/drug effects/physiologyHumansMalePsychomotor Performance/drug effects*Social Perception2002Aug12185398http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12185398(Zangara, Blair, & Curran, 2002)
Tryptophan depletion impairs facial emotion recognition in 5-HTTLPR S-polymorphism carriers.
ADDIN EN.CITE Marsh200682838283828317Marsh, A. A.Finger, E. C.Buzas, B.Soliman, N.Richell, R. A.Vythilingham, M.Pine, D. S.Goldman, D.Blair, R. J.Mood and Anxiety Program, National Institute of Mental Health,National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. amarsh@post.harvard.eduImpaired recognition of fear facial expressions in 5-HTTLPR S-polymorphism carriers following tryptophan depletionPsychopharmacology (Berl)Psychopharmacology (Berl)387-941893AdultCognition Disorders/*psychologyDouble-Blind Method*Facial ExpressionFear/physiology/psychologyFemaleHumansMalePolymorphism, Genetic*Recognition (Psychology)Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/*geneticsTryptophan/*deficiency2006Dec17013635http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17013635(Marsh et al., 2006)Not KnownNot KnownNot KnownThis specific task needs to be studied in individuals with schizophrenia.
We need to assess psychometric characteristics such as test-retest reliability, practice effects, and ceiling/floor effects for this task.
We need to study whether or not performance on this task changes in response to psychological or pharmacological intervention.
REFERENCES:
Adams, R. B., Gordon, H. L., Baird, A. A., Ambady, N., & Kleck, R. E. (2003). Effects of gaze on amygdala sensitivity to anger and fear faces (Vol. 300, pp. 1536-1536): American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Adolphs, R., Gosselin, F., Buchanan, T. W., Tranel, D., Schyns, P., & Damasio, A. R. (2005). A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature, 433(7021), 68-72.
Adolphs, R., Russell, J. A., & Tranel, D. (1999). A role for the human amygdala in recognizing emotional arousal from unpleasant stimuli. Psychological Science, Vol 10(2), 167-171.
Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (1998). The human amygdala in social judgment. Nature, 393(6684), 470-474.
Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damasio, H. (2001). Emotion recognition from faces and prosody following temporal lobectomy. Neuropsychology, 15(3), 396-404.
Anderson, A. K., Christoff, K., Panitz, D., De Rosa, E., & Gabrieli, J. D. (2003). Neural correlates of the automatic processing of threat facial signals. Journal of Neuroscience, 23(13), 5627-5633.
Baron-Cohen, S., Jolliffe, T., Mortimore, C., & Robertson, M. (1997). Another advanced test of theory of mind: Evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or asperger syndrome. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 38(7), 813-822.
Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Wheelwright, S., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Simmons, A., et al. (1999). Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: An fmri study. Eur J Neurosci, 11(6), 1891-1898.
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The "Reading the mind in the eyes" Test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 42(2), 241-251.
Bishop, S. J., Jenkins, R., & Lawrence, A. D. (2007). Neural processing of fearful faces: Effects of anxiety are gated by perceptual capacity limitations. Cereb Cortex, 17(7), 1595-1603.
Blair, R. J., Colledge, E., Murray, L., & Mitchell, D. G. (2001). A selective impairment in the processing of sad and fearful expressions in children with psychopathic tendencies. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 29(6), 491-498.
Bonda, E., Petrides, M., Ostry, D., & Evans, A. (1996). Specific involvement of human parietal systems and the amygdala in the perception of biological motion. Journal of Neuroscience, 16(11), 3737-3744.
Calder, A. J., Lawrence, A. D., Keane, J., Scott, S. K., Owen, A. M., Christoffels, I., et al. (2002). Reading the mind from eye gaze. Neuropsychologia, 40(8), 1129-1138.
Carroll, J. M., & Russell, J. A. (1996). Do facial expressions signal specific emotions? Judging emotion from the face in context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychological, 70(2), 205-218.
Corden, B., Critchley, H. D., Skuse, D., & Dolan, R. J. (2006). Fear recognition ability predicts differences in social cognitive and neural functioning in men. J. Cogn. Neurosci., 18(6), 889-897.
Coupland, N. J., Singh, A. J., Sustrik, R. A., Ting, P., & Blair, R. (2003). Effects of diazepam on facial emotion recognition. J Psychiatry Neurosci, 28(6), 452-463.
Coupland, N. J., Sustrik, R. A., Ting, P., Li, D., Hartfeil, M., Singh, A. J., et al. (2004). Positive and negative affect differentially influence identification of facial emotions. Depress Anxiety, 19(1), 31-34.
Dittrich, W. H., Troscianko, T., Lea, S. E., & Morgan, D. (1996). Perception of emotion from dynamic point-light displays represented in dance. Perception, 25, 727-738.
Engell, A. D., Haxby, J. V., & Todorov, A. (2007). Implicit trustworthiness decisions: Automatic coding of face properties in the human amygdala. J Cogn Neurosci, 19(9), 1508-1519.
Gilbert, D. T., Pelham, B. W., & Krull, D. S. (1988). On cognitive busyness: When person perceivers meet persons perceived. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 54(5), 733-740.
Grossman, E., Donnelly, M., Price, R., Pickens, D., Morgan, V., Neighbor, G., et al. (2000). Brain areas involved in perception of biological motion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(5), 711-720.
Grossman, E. D., & Blake, R. (2002). Brain areas active during visual perception of biological motion. Neuron, 35(6), 1167-1175.
Gunns, R. E., Johnston, L., & Hudson, S. M. (2002). Victim selection and kinematics: A point-light investiationo f vulnerability to attack. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 26, 129-158.
Gur, R. E., Loughead, J., Kohler, C. G., Elliott, M. A., Lesko, K., Ruparel, K., et al. (2007). Limbic activation associated with misidentification of fearful faces and flat affect in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 64(12), 1356-1366.
Habel, U., Windischberger, C., Derntl, B., Robinson, S., Kryspin-Exner, I., Gur, R. C., et al. (2007). Amygdala activation and facial expressions: Explicit emotion discrimination versus implicit emotion processing. Neuropsychologia, 45(10), 2369-2377.
Hamann, S. B., Ely, T. D., Hoffman, J. M., & Kilts, C. D. (2002). Ecstasy and agony: Activation of the human amygdala in positive and negative emotion. Psycholicall Science, 13(2), 135-141.
Hariri, A. R., & Holmes, A. (2006). Genetics of emotional regulation: The role of the serotonin transporter in neural function. Trends Cogn Sci, 10(4), 182-191.
Heberlein, A. S., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damasio, H. (2004). Cortical regions for judgments of emotions and personality traits from point-light walkers. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(7), 1143-1158.
Heberlein, A. S., & Saxe, R. R. (2005). Dissociation between emotion and personality judgments: Convergent evidence from functional neuroimaging. Neuroimage, 28, 770-777.
Johansson, G. (1973). Visual perception of biological motion and a model of its analysis. Perception and Psychophysics, 14, 202-211.
Kim, H., Somerville, L. H., Johnstone, T., Alexander, A. L., & Whalen, P. J. (2003). Inverse amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses to surprised faces. Neuroreport, 14(18), 2317-2322.
Kim, H., Somerville, L. H., Johnstone, T., Polis, S., Alexander, A. L., Shin, L. M., et al. (2004). Contextual modulation of amygdala responsivity to surprised faces. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(10), 1730-1745.
Kohler, C. G., Anselmo-Gallagher, G., Bilker, W., Karlawish, J., Gur, R. E., & Clark, C. M. (2005). Emotion-discrimination deficits in mild alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 13(11), 926-933.
Kohler, C. G., Turner, T., Stolar, N. M., Bilker, W. B., Brensinger, C. M., Gur, R. E., et al. (2004). Differences in facial expressions of four universal emotions. Psychiatry Res, 128(3), 235-244.
Kohler, C. G., Turner, T. H., Bilker, W. B., Brensinger, C. M., Siegel, S. J., Kanes, S. J., et al. (2003). Facial emotion recognition in schizophrenia: Intensity effects and error pattern. Am J Psychiatry, 160(10), 1768-1774.
Kozlowski, L. T., & Cutting, J. E. (1977). Recognizing the sex of a walker from a dynamic point-light display. Perception and Psychophysics, 21, 575-580.
Loughead, J., Gur, R. C., Elliott, M., & Gur, R. E. (2008). Neural circuitry for accurate identification of facial emotions. Brain Res, 1194, 37-44.
Lynch, T. R., Rosenthal, M. Z., Kosson, D. S., Cheavens, J. S., Lejuez, C. W., & Blair, R. J. (2006). Heightened sensitivity to facial expressions of emotion in borderline personality disorder. Emotion, 6(4), 647-655.
Marsh, A. A., Finger, E. C., Buzas, B., Soliman, N., Richell, R. A., Vythilingham, M., et al. (2006). Impaired recognition of fear facial expressions in 5-httlpr s-polymorphism carriers following tryptophan depletion. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 189(3), 387-394.
Pessoa, L., Padmala, S., & Morland, T. (2005). Fate of unattended fearful faces in the amygdala is determined by both attentional resources and cognitive modulation. Neuroimage, 28(1), 249-255.
Pollick, F. E., Paterson, H. M., Bruderlin, A., & Sanford, A. J. (2001). Perceiving affect from arm movement. Cognition, 82(2), B51-B61.
Saygin, A. P. (2007). Superior temporal and premotor brain areas necessary for biological motion perception. Brain, 130, 2452-2461.
Saygin, A. P., Wilson, S. M., Hagler, D. J., Bates, E., & Sereno, M. I. (2004). Point-light biological motion perception activates human premotor cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 6181-6188.
Sheline, Y. I., Barch, D. M., Ollinger, J. M., & Mintun, M. A. (2001). Increased amygdala response to masked emotional faces in depressed subjects resolves with antidepressant treatment: An fmri study. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 651-658.
Whalen, P. J., Kagan, J., Cook, R. G., Davis, F. C., Kim, H., Polis, S., et al. (2004). Human amygdala responsivity to masked fearful eye whites. Science, 306(5704), 2061.
Whalen, P. J., Rauch, S. L., Etcoff, N. L., McInerney, S. C., Lee, M. B., & Jenike, M. B. (1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 411-418.
Winston, J. S., Strange, B. A., O'Doherty, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2002). Automatic and intentional brain responses during evaluation of trustworthiness of faces. Nature Neuroscience, 5(3), 2772-2783.
Zangara, A., Blair, R. J., & Curran, H. V. (2002). A comparison of the effects of a beta-adrenergic blocker and a benzodiazepine upon the recognition of human facial expressions. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 163(1), 36-41.
4 5 { | 7 8 M N O P 4 C M N O # # # # # # ůůůůůůŜ{jjjjjjj !j h h+# CJ OJ QJ U$h: h+# 5B*CJ OJ QJ ph h h+# 6CJ OJ QJ $h h+# 5B*CJ OJ QJ ph *j h h+# B*CJ OJ QJ Uph !h h+# B*CJ OJ QJ ph hr h+# 5CJ OJ QJ h h+# CJ OJ QJ h h+# 5CJ OJ QJ ) 4 5 ? K h $ & #$/ If b$gd+# l
- -
kd $$If l ִ }/p5x